From what little I know about Sociology, I remember reading that marriages between primary relations are banned all around the world in practically every community i.e. marriage between mother-son, father-daughter, brother-sister. This is to ensure social order and prevent unhealthy competition between close members of the family.
However marriages between cousins, uncle-niece etc (called consanguinous marriages, I think) are allowed and in varying forms (in some communities only between paternal cousins) in different communities.
The famous sociolgist M.N. Srinivas conducted many studies on South Indian society and it was due to his efforts that the number of consanguinous marriages went down in South India. Today, in South India, the number of consanguinous marriages have gone down drastically. I am not sure about the status in other societies.
Medically, the chances of offspring developing genetic and other disorders are magnified when in-breeding takes place over many generations. Just one consaguinous marriage which is not repeated in future generations probably won't cause major health problems. That's why Satyajit Ray's son is not affected nor are so many others.
Someone mentioned Parsis. Well, I remember reading somewhere that continuous in-breeding over many generations had weakened the genes. There are a large number of mentally retarded members in the community and in-breeding has been blamed for this. I don't know if any such studies have been done for Muslims etc.
thanks punjini for sharing this socialogy information. this indeed is new to me & i am glad to know it now. 😊